Political and constitutional law professor Ralph Sarmiento has declined the request of Vice President Sara Duterte’s defense team to testify as its first witness in her impeachment trial, citing the need to preserve his independence and impartiality as a legal scholar. In a statement on November 5, 2026, Sarmiento said he wants to continue providing independent and balanced legal opinions without becoming involved as a witness for either side. He also requested that the defense withdraw its subpoena request or seek its recall if already issued. Meanwhile, defense spokesperson Michael Poa said the team respects Sarmiento’s decision and appreciates his initial consideration of the invitation.